{"id":273,"date":"2016-12-26T08:38:24","date_gmt":"2016-12-26T08:38:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/demo.wenthemes.com\/university-hub\/?page_id=273"},"modified":"2023-12-17T09:40:50","modified_gmt":"2023-12-17T09:40:50","slug":"research","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.green-ic.org\/research\/","title":{"rendered":"Research"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"273\" class=\"elementor elementor-273\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5a3df64 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5a3df64\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-02abab0\" data-id=\"02abab0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32a70b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32a70b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Energy-centric circuit\/system design and green ICs<\/strong><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4161031c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4161031c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-55d2b481\" data-id=\"55d2b481\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e198d0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e198d0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"color: #000000; font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">Selected technical achievements and worldwide records<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2023: Bluetooth backscattered transmitter with record-low peak power of 10.6 \u00b5W and long 97-m range for battery-less green systems<\/li>\n<li>2023: 12-bit SAR ADC with best-in-class 0.43 fJ\/conv-step among any ADC above 10 bits based on with offset injection assist<\/li>\n<li>2023: on-chip computer vision architecture with content-agnostic novelty detection reducing neural network activity and power by &gt;100X<\/li>\n<li>2023: first demonstration of analog circuits with transistors operating in the super-cutoff region with only pW\/stage power, and moonlight-powered battery-less wake-up receiver with 78-pW power<\/li>\n<li>2023: temperature-to-digital converter and voltage reference with lowest power reported to date (38.4-pW) and able to operate under a 0.6-1.6-V unregulated supply for battery-less systems<\/li>\n<li>2023: first counteraction of side-channel neural network reverse engineering able to operate under voltage scaling via machine learning compensation and multi-level shuffling<\/li>\n<li>2023: self-referenced design-agnostic Laser Voltage Probing attack detection circuit with 100% area coverage and lowest (58%) area overhead for automated design<\/li>\n<li>2023: first ECC-Less multi-level SRAM Physically Unclonable Function and &gt;100% PUF-to-Memory Capacity Ratio with No Bitcell Modification<\/li>\n<li>2023: image sensor with lowest power of 55 pW\/pixel reported to date while also including the ability to detect novel frames and regions of interest for further system-level power reductions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div><span style=\"font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">2022: image sensor with lowest power of 55 pW\/pixel reported to date<\/span><\/li>\n<li>2022: first temperature-to-digital converter for purely-harvested operation without any voltage regulation and reference<\/li>\n<li>2022: first on-chip laser voltage probing attack detection method with 100% area coverage at above\/below the bandgap wavelength and fully-automated design<\/li>\n<li>2022: image sensor with dynamic LSB for purely-harvested operation at bit depth down to 4 bit and near-zero accuracy degradation in image classification<\/li>\n<li>2022: first broadband impedance monitor up to GHz range to detect probe insertion and side-channel attacks with sub-pad area<\/li>\n<li>2022: CNN accelerator in 40 nm with 228 gate equivalents\/MAC unit with energy (28-TOPS\/W) and area efficiency (1.5-TOPS\/mm2) equivalent to best-in-class accelerators in 5 nm and 7 nm for low-cost AI at the edge<\/li>\n<li>2022: first machine learning-based run-time counteraction of side-channel attacks for post-silicon HW security patching in next-generation secure systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>2021: first sub-100 pJ\/pixel Display Stream Compression Encoder for 4K video resolution compression in display ports<\/li>\n<li>2021: first SRAM with in-memory end-to-end computing from DSP signal conditioning to convolutional neural network for true data locality<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">2021: SRAM buffer for always-on vision systems with energy and area efficiency above the 1,000 TOPS\/W and the 100 TOPS\/mm2 wall<\/span><\/li>\n<li>2021: first battery-Less IoT Sensor Node with WiFi communications in a \u00b5W peak power envelope<\/li>\n<li>2021: first tactile event decoder for e-skin supporting human-like tactile sensing density, thanks to 1.6 fJ\/convstep energy 0.0075mm2 area per receptor<\/li>\n<li>2021: first SRAM with in-memory unified static and dynamic secret cryptographic key generation for ubiquitous security, and multi-bit SRAM physically unclonable function<\/li>\n<li>2021: first operational amplifier and capacitive sensor interface operating down to 0.25-0.3 V and nW power for continuous operation when solely powered by a millimeter-sized solar cell<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>2020: first IoT sensor node operating uninterruptedly when solely powered by moonlight (3.1 nW) for a battery-free world, while being able to scale up its speed by five orders of magnitude<\/li>\n<li>2020: first voltage reference with pW-range power and 0.25-V minimum voltage for battery-less green integrated systems<\/li>\n<li>2020:\u00a0first voltage- and current-input ADC architectures designed with digital standard cell for ultra-low design effort (\u201cADC in a day\u201d) and minimum area reported to date (3,000-5,000 um2, 4.5X smaller than the smallest)<\/li>\n<li>2020: first microprocessor with reconfigurable microarchitecture for energy-performance scaling wider than voltage scaling<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>2019: first energy-quality scalable Network on Chip with best-in-class energy (down to 6.9fJ\/bit), while still being using conventional low-swing transmitter\/receiver circuits<\/li>\n<li>2019: first system architecture for widely adaptive and power-scalable MCU\/PMU from sub-mW to nW<\/li>\n<li>2019: first Physically Unclonable Function with design margin and testing time elimination via in-situ and PVT sensor fusion for low-cost hardware security (featured as technological highlight in TSMC 2020 annual report)<\/li>\n<li>2019:\u00a0first DAC architecture able to be designed with a fully automated digital design flow, and exhibiting graceful degradation under voltage\/frequency overscaling<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>2018: first pW-range wake-up oscillator for IoT sensor nodes able to operate from 0.3V to 1.8V, avoidings the traditional need of additional power-hungry voltage regulation<\/li>\n<li>2018: first battery-indifferent microcontroller able to operate at minimum-power mode (sub-nW), or minimum-energy mode (aligned with best-in-class low-energy processors)<\/li>\n<li>2018: demonstration of reconfigurable microarchitectures down to pipestage granularity, for energy optimization under wide voltage scaling (from 1.2V down to 0.3V)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>2017:\u00a0first reconfigurable clock network for wide voltage scaling (0.3-1.2V). Skew reduction (up to 3.5X) reduces Vmin by 110mV and energy by 1.4X in 40nm. Area overhead is only 1.8%\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>2017: first sub-mW accelerator for feature extraction in computer vision for IoT down to 55uW (19-49X lower power than previous state of the art)<\/li>\n<li>2017: first fully-synthesizable Physically Unclonable Function for hardware security<\/li>\n<li>2017: first pencil-and-paper variability-aware design methodology for design margin evaluation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>2015:\u00a0most stable and highest-statistical quality Physically Unclonable Function with lowest energy for hardware-level security (10-15X better than previous state of the art)<\/li>\n<li>2015:\u00a0AES cryptographic core with lowest energy (7X better than previous state of the art)<\/li>\n<li>2015:\u00a0SRAM senseamp with smallest offset at iso-area (2-3X better than previous state of the art)<\/li>\n<li>2014:\u00a0SRAM memory\u00a0first with scalable energy-quality tradeoff for ultra-low energy operation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>2013:\u00a0power gating and ESD circuits with\u00a0lowest leakage down to tens of pWs (10-100X better than previous state of the art)<\/li>\n<li>2013:\u00a0smallest ADC\u00a0Analog-to-Digital converter\u00a0with widely scalable energy\/resolution\/voltage (100X lower area than previous state of the art)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>2012:\u00a0first reconfigurable DC-DC converter for reduction of active-sleep-active transition energy (3X lower than previous state of the art)<\/li>\n<li>2012:\u00a0first ultra-low power mm-sized\u00a0active RFID\u00a0for perpetual operation (3 uW)<\/li>\n<li>2012:\u00a0fastest\/most energy-efficient pulsed latch (2.3X better than state of the art)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: #000000;\">Some of the applications being explored<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>machine intelligence\u00a0(e.g., deep learning) and methods to embed inference and learning on a single chip, using an amalgamation of algorithm, circuit and low power techniques<\/li>\n<li>energy-quality scalable integrated circuit and system design<\/li>\n<li>ubiquitous and nearly-perpetual vision on a chip- hardware security down to physical- ubiquitous human behavior and situational\/context awareness via on-chip learning from\u00a0vision and audio\u00a0(e.g., crowd monitoring, congestion prediction, occupancy monitoring for thermal\/acoustic\/visual comfort assurance, ubiquitous surveillance, object detection)<\/li>\n<li>on-chip intelligence for locally-small globally-big data (machine learning accelerators, in-memory computing)<\/li>\n<li>radiofrequency circuits in the uW and sub-uW power range via backscattering<\/li>\n<li>analog circuits with transistors operating in the super-cutoff region<\/li>\n<li>physical hardware security through on-chip sensing, intelligence and actuation<\/li>\n<li>supersensors with architectural support for mutual calibration, and self-calibrating wireless\u00a0sensors in massive training class for ultra-low testing cost<\/li>\n<li>audio and speech monitors<\/li>\n<li>integrated systems for unconventional interaction with mobile devices<\/li>\n<li>extremely miniaturized integrated circuits for distributed surveillance<\/li>\n<li>\u00b5W-power\u00a0<span style=\"font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">radios for short and mid communication range<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Energy-centric circuit\/system design and green ICs Selected technical achievements and worldwide records 2023: Bluetooth backscattered transmitter with record-low peak power of 10.6 \u00b5W and long 97-m range for battery-less green systems 2023: 12-bit SAR ADC with best-in-class 0.43 fJ\/conv-step among any ADC above 10 bits based on with offset injection assist 2023: on-chip computer vision [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2011,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-273","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.green-ic.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/273","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.green-ic.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.green-ic.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.green-ic.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.green-ic.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=273"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.green-ic.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/273\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3285,"href":"https:\/\/www.green-ic.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/273\/revisions\/3285"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.green-ic.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2011"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.green-ic.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=273"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}